C++ Operators

Operators work on values and variables.

Arithmetic operators

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 3;
    std::cout << a + b << ' ' << a - b << ' ' << a * b << '\n';
    std::cout << a / b << ' ' << a % b << '\n';          // integer division and remainder
    std::cout << 10.0 / 3 << '\n';                         // decimal division
}

Assignment, increment and decrement

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int x = 10;
    x += 5;  std::cout << x << ' ';
    x -= 3;  std::cout << x << ' ';
    x *= 2;  std::cout << x << ' ';
    x /= 4;  std::cout << x << ' ';
    x %= 4;  std::cout << x << '\n';

    int y = 5;
    std::cout << y++ << '\n';       // postfix: gives 5, then y is 6
    std::cout << y << '\n';
    std::cout << ++y << '\n';       // prefix: y becomes 7, then gives 7
    std::cout << --y << '\n';
}

Comparison and logical operators

Operator	Meaning
== !=	Equal, not equal
< > <= >=	Compare sizes
<=>	Three way comparison, the “spaceship” (C++20)
&&	AND (short circuit)
||	OR (short circuit)
!	NOT

#include <compare>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int age = 25;
    bool has_id = true;
    std::cout << std::boolalpha;                       // print true/false, not 1/0
    std::cout << (age >= 18 && has_id) << ' ' << (age < 18 || has_id) << ' ' << !has_id << '\n';

    auto result = 3 <=> 5;
    std::cout << (result < 0) << '\n';                 // 3 is less than 5
}

Ternary operator

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int marks = 55;
    std::cout << (marks >= 40 ? "Pass" : "Fail") << '\n';
}

Bitwise operators

#include <bitset>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    unsigned a = 6, b = 3;                              // 110 and 011
    std::cout << (a & b) << ' ' << (a | b) << ' ' << (a ^ b) << ' ' << (a << 1) << ' ' << (a >> 1) << '\n';
    std::cout << std::bitset<8>(a) << ' ' << std::bitset<8>(~a) << '\n';
}

Precedence

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    std::cout << 2 + 3 * 4 << ' ' << (2 + 3) * 4 << '\n';
}

A warning: = is not ==

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int x = 3;
    if (x = 5) {                    // assignment inside if: the compiler warns
        std::cout << "five\n";
    }
}

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